Problem Statement

State Bloat

Traditional blockchains store growing amounts of account state, causing:

• Higher hardware requirements

• Slower node performance

• Rising gas costs

Lack of Privacy

Public chains expose:

• Sender

• Receiver

• Transaction amount

This creates security risks for users, businesses, and institutions.

State-Heavy Layer-2 Solutions

Even many L2s still maintain large state databases, resulting in:

• High validator requirements

• Increased operational cost

• Limited decentralization

Insufficient Scalability for Payments

Most networks cannot handle:

• Mass adoption

• Micro-payments

• Enterprise-scale settlement